Uterotonics, magnesium sulphate and antibiotics during childbirth and peripartum: Important obstetric drugs for the anaesthesiologist.

The main causes of maternal mortality are comorbidities, hypertensive pregnancy syndrome, obstetric haemorrhage, and maternal sepsis. For this reason, uterotonics, magnesium sulphate, and antibiotics are essential tools in the management of obstetric patients during labour and in the peripartum period. These drugs are widely used by anaesthesiologists in all departments, and play a crucial role in treatment and patient safety. For the purpose of this narrative review, we performed a detailed search of medical databases and selected studies describing the use of these drugs in patients during pregnancy, delivery and the pospartum period. Uterotonics, above all oxytocin, play an important role in the prevention and treatment of pospartum haemorrhage, and various studies have shown that in obstetric procedures, such as scheduled and emergency caesarean section, they are effective at lower doses than those hitherto accepted. We also discuss the use of carbetocin as an effective alternative that has a therapeutic advantage in certain clinical circumstances. Magnesium sulphate is the gold standard in the prevention and treatment of eclampsia, and also plays a neuroprotective role in preterm infants. We describe the precautions to be taken during magnesium administration. Finally, we discuss the importance of understanding microbiology and the pharmacology of antibiotics in the management of obstetric infection and endometritis, and draw attention to the latest trends in antibiotic regimens in labour and caesarean section.

Electrochemical Studies of Magnesium Coated with Modified Chitosan and Electrosprayed as an Anticorrosive Protection Method in Bone Repair / Estudios Electroquímicos del Magnesio Recubierto con Quitosano Modificado y Electrorociado como Proceso de Protección Anticorrosiva en la Reparación de Hueso

ABSTRACT Magnesium (Mg) is essential for the metabolic reactions of the human body and is known for its biocompatibility, its mechanical and physical properties are similar to human bone, which is why it is considered to have high potential in biomedical applications such as temporary and resorbable implants. Through surface modifications, the high tendency to corrosion of Mg could be controlled, such as biodegradable membranes that prevent the passage of chloride ions present in the human organism. To prepare the membrane, solutions of chitosan modified with gelatin and/or glutaraldehyde are used and by means of the electrospray method applied to protect the Mg. To simulate body fluid conditions a Kokubo saline solution (BFK) was prepared. The study focuses on evaluating the corrosion rate of Mg with a coating made of a chitosan electrosprayed membrane, applying electrochemical measurements of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and linear polarization resistance. The key additive to improve the behavior of the membranes was observed with the use of gelatin, where the membrane with the best results lowing corrosion rates is the Mg CH+GE+GL system, which it was observed with very good physical integrity in the images of morphological analyzes of the surface after 30 days of exposure.

RESUMEN El magnesio (Mg) es esencial para las reacciones metabólicas del cuerpo humano y es conocido por su biocompatibilidad, sus propiedades mecánicas y físicas son similares a las del hueso humano, por lo que se considera que tiene un alto potencial en aplicaciones biomédicas como implantes temporales y reabsorbibles. Mediante modificaciones superficiales se podría controlar la alta tendencia a la corrosión del Mg, como por ejemplo membranas biodegradables que impidan el paso de iones cloruro presentes en el organismo humano. Para preparar la membrana se utilizan soluciones de quitosano modificado con grenetina y/o glutaraldehído y mediante el método de electrorociado se aplican para proteger el Mg. Para simular las condiciones de los fluidos corporales se preparó una solución salina de Kokubo. El estudio se enfoca en evaluar la velocidad de corrosión del Mg con un recubrimiento hecho de una membrana electrorociada con quitosano, aplicando técnicas electroquímicas de espectroscopia de impedancia electroquímica y resistencia de polarización lineal. El aditivo clave para mejorar el comportamiento de las membranas se observó con el uso de gelatina, donde la membrana con mejores resultados bajando los índices de corrosión es el sistema Mg CH+GR+GL, el cual se observó con muy buena integridad física en las imágenes de análisis morfológicos de la superficie después de 30 días de exposición.

Hipomagnesemia secundaria a omeprazol / Hypomagnesaemia following omeprazole

La hipomagnesemia asociada al tratamiento crónico con inhibidores de la bomba de protones (IBP) es una entidad poco frecuente, aunque potencialmente grave. Su mecanismo continúa siendo desconocido. Cuando la magnesemia cae por debajo de 0,5 mEq/L, las manifestaciones clínicas neuromusculares y cardíacas pueden aparecer. En el momento agudo, la reposición precoz de magnesio y, en muchos casos, de otros iones como el calcio y el potasio, suele ser el tratamiento. Sin embargo, su normalización definitiva requiere, por lo general, la supresión del tratamiento con IBP.(AU)

Hypomagnesaemia associated with chronic treatment with Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) is a rare entity, although potentially severe. Its mechanism remains unknown. When the magnesaemia falls below 0.5 mEq/L, neuromuscular and cardiac clinical manifestations may appear. At the acute stage, early replacement of magnesium and, in most cases, calcium and potassium, is usually the treatment. However, its definitive normalization requires the withdrawal of PPI treatment.(AU)

Efficacy, safety, and acceptability of polyethylene glycol 3350 without electrolytes vs magnesium hydroxide in functional constipation in children from six months to eighteen years of age: A controlled clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: There are few studies that compare polyethylene glycol (PEG) 3350 and magnesium hydroxide (MH), as long-term treatment of functional constipation (FC) in children, and they do not include infants as young as 6 months of age. Our aim was to determine the efficacy, safety, and acceptability of PEG vs MH in FC, in the long term, in pediatric patients. METHODS: An open-label, parallel, controlled clinical trial was conducted on patients from 6 months to 18 years of age, diagnosed with FC, that were randomly assigned to receive PEG 3350 or MH for 12 months. Success was defined as: ≥ 3 bowel movements/week, with no fecal incontinence, fecal impaction, abdominal pain, or the need for another laxative. We compared adverse events and acceptability, measured as rejected doses of the laxative during the study, in each group and subgroup. RESULTS: Eighty-three patients with FC were included. There were no differences in success between groups (40/41 PEG vs 40/42 MH, p = 0.616). There were no differences in acceptability between groups, but a statistically significant higher number of patients rejected MH in the subgroups > 4 to 12 years and > 12 to 18 years of age (P = .037 and P = .020, respectively). There were no differences regarding adverse events between the two groups and no severe clinical or biochemical adverse events were registered. CONCLUSIONS: The two laxatives were equally effective and safe for treating FC in children from 0.5 to 18 years of age. Acceptance was better for PEG 3350 than for MH in patients above 4 years of age. MH can be considered first-line treatment for FC in children under 4 years of age.

Sulfato de magnesio antenatal y eliminación tardía de meconio: Estudio multicéntrico / Antenatal magnesium sulphate and delayed passage of meconium: A multicentre study

Introducción: La relación entre sulfato de magnesio (MgSO4) y el retraso en la evacuación de meconio presenta resultados controvertidos en la literatura. Objetivos: Determinar si existe relación entre la administración de MgSO4 a la madre y la eliminación tardía de meconio (ETM) en el neonato y conocer los niveles de magnesio en sangre en estos, con respecto a la dosis acumulada de MgSO4 administrada a la madre. Población y métodos: Estudio descriptivo-analítico, en pacientes ≤ 32 semanas de edad gestacional, con diseño retrospectivo-prospectivo, llevado a cabo en dos hospitales de tercer nivel asistencial. Se definió la ETM como retraso en la evacuación meconial ≥ 48 horas y/o necesidad de estimulación rectal en ≥ 2 ocasiones para realizar deposición y/o retraso ≥ 48 horas entre la primera y segunda deposición. Resultados: Se reclutaron 283 pacientes (204 retrospectiva y 79 prospectivamente), de los cuales 152 (53,7%) presentó ETM. No se encontró relación entre la administración de MgSO4 a la madre, ni la dosis acumulada de MgSO4 en esta, ni los niveles de magnesio en sangre del neonato con la presencia de ETM. La mayor edad gestacional (OR 0,8, IC 0,69-0,93, p = 0,003) resultó factor protector independiente de la ETM y la necesidad de reanimación avanzada (OR 2,24, IC 1,04-4,86, p = 0,04) factor de riesgo. Conclusiones: Los niveles alcanzados de magnesio en sangre del neonato con las dosis de MgSO4 administradas a las madres, no se relacionan con la ETM. La menor edad gestacional y la necesidad de reanimación avanzada predicen mayor riesgo de ETM. (AU)

Introduction: The published evidence on the association between magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) and delayed passage of meconium (DPM) is contradictory. Objectives: To determine whether there is an association between the administration of MgSO4 to the mother and DPM in the neonate, and to analyse serum magnesium levels in neonates in relation to the cumulative dose of MgSO4 administered to the mother. Population and methods: Retrospective and prospective descriptive and analytical study conducted in patients delivered at or before 32 weeks of gestation in 2 tertiary care hospitals. Delayed passage of meconium was defined as failure to pass meconium within 48 hours of birth and/or need for rectal stimulation on 2 or more occasions to pass stool and/or interval of at least 48 hours between the first and second bowel movements. Results: The study included 283 patients (204 retrospectively and 79 prospectively), of who 152 (53.7%) experienced DPM. Delayed passage of meconium was not associated with antenatal MgSO4 administration, the cumulative maternal MgSO4 dose or neonatal serum magnesium levels. Older gestational age (OR, 0.8; confidence interval [CI], 0.69–0.93; P = .003) was an independent protective factor against DPM, while the need for advanced resuscitation (OR, 2.24; CI 1.04–4.86; P = .04) was a risk factor for DPM. Conclusion: The neonatal serum levels of magnesium reached with the doses of MgSO4 administered to mothers were not associated with DPM. Lower gestational age and the need for advanced resuscitation were predictors associated with an increased risk of DPM. (AU)

Niveles de fertilización con calcio, magnesio y azufre en genotipos de arveja voluble (Pisum sativum L.) en Nariño

Nariño es el principal productor de arveja de Colombia. En su cultivo, se fertiliza con nitrógeno, fósforo y potasio, pero no se conoce el efecto de otros nutrimentos. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de diferentes niveles de calcio, magnesio y azufre sobre los componentes de rendimiento de arveja voluble, en los municipios de Gualmatán, Pupiales y Puerres, en suelos Andisoles y, en Ipiales y Potosí, en suelos Inceptisoles. En cada localidad, se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar, con arreglo en parcelas divididas y tres repeticiones, donde el factor A correspondió a cinco genotipos de arveja y el factor B, a cinco niveles de fertilización con calcio, magnesio y azufre. Los resultados indicaron respuesta positiva de los rendimientos a la aplicación de estos elementos. El nivel de fertilización 112,5-50-25 kg.ha-1 de Ca, Mg y S, respectivamente, presentó mayor rendimiento que el nivel establecido por la información del análisis de suelos o testigo en Gualmatán, Pupiales y Potosí, mientras que, en Puerres, hubo respuesta al nivel más alto, 135-60-30, de los mismos elementos. Los otros niveles de fertilización fueron similares al testigo. En Ipiales, la variedad Sureña presentó rendimientos similares para todos los niveles de fertilización. San Isidro presentó su mayor rendimiento, con el nivel 112,5-50-25 kg.ha-1, de calcio magnesio y azufre. Las líneas con gen afila L3 y L18 igualaron los rendimientos de las variedades comerciales Sureña, Alcalá y San Isidro, en Potosí y en Pupiales.

Nariño is the main pea producer in Colombia. The crop is fertilizer with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, but the effect of other nutrients is unknown. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of different levels of calcium, magnesium, and sulfur on the performance components of voluble pea in the municipalities of Gualmatán, Pupiales, and Puerres on Andisols, and in Ipiales and Potosí on Inceptisols soils. A randomized complete block design was used with divided plots and three replications, where factor A corresponded to five pea genotypes and factor B to five levels of fertilization with calcium, magnesium, and sulfur. The results indicated positive response of the yields to the application of these elements. The level of fertilization 112.5-50-25 kg.ha-1 of Ca, Mg, and S respectively, presented a higher yield than the level established by information from the soil analysis or control in Gualmatán, Pupiales and Potosí, while in Puerres there was a response at the highest level 135-60-30 of the same elements. The other levels of fertilization were similar to the control. In Ipiales Sureña variety presented similar yields for all fertilization levels. San Isidro presented its highest yield with a level of 112.5-50-25 kg.ha-1 of calcium, magnesium and sulfur. The lines with the L3 and L18 genes matched the yield of the commercial varieties Sureña, Alcalá and San Isidro in Potosí and Pupiales.

Advantages of the use of citrate over acetate as a stabilizer in hemodialysis fluid: A randomized ABC-treat study.

Hemodialysis (HD) with bicarbonate dialysis fluid (DF) requires the presence of an acid to prevent the precipitation of calcium and magnesium carbonate. The most used acid is acetic acid, with it several complications have been described. In a previous work we described the acute changes during an HD session with a DF with citrate instead of acetate. Now we report the results in the medium term, 16 weeks. It is a prospective, multicenter, crossover and randomized study, where 56 HD patients with bicarbonate three times a week were dialysed for 16 weeks with 3 mmol/L acetate and 16 weeks with 1 mmol/L citrate. Patients older than 18 years with a previous stay on HD of more than 3 months and with a normal functioning arteriovenous fistula were included. Epidemiological data, dialysis, bioimpedance, biochemistry before and after HD, as well as hypotensive episodes, were collected monthly. After 16 weeks of citrate treatment, preHD ionic calcium and magnesium were significantly lower and PTH higher than in the acetate period. No differences were observed in the effectiveness of dialysis. Hypotensive episodes were significantly more frequent with acetate than with citrate: 311 (14.1%) vs 238 (10.8%) sessions. The lean mass index increased by 0.96 ±â€¯2.33 kg/m2 when patients switched from LD with acetate to citrate. HD with citrate modifies several parameters of bone mineral metabolism, not only acutely as previously described, but also in the long term. The substitution of acetate for citrate improves hemodynamic stability, producing less hypotension and can improve nutritional status.

Antenatal magnesium sulphate and delayed passage of meconium: A multicentre study.

INTRODUCTION: The published evidence on the association between magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) and delayed passage of meconium (DPM) is contradictory. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether there is an association between the administration of MgSO4 to the mother and DPM in the neonate, and to analyse serum magnesium levels in neonates in relation to the cumulative dose of MgSO4 administered to the mother. POPULATION AND METHODS: Retrospective and prospective descriptive and analytical study conducted in patients delivered at or before 32 weeks of gestation in 2 tertiary care hospitals. Delayed passage of meconium was defined as failure to pass meconium within 48 h of birth and/or need for rectal stimulation on 2 or more occasions to pass stool and/or interval of at least 48 h between the first and second bowel movements. RESULTS: The study included 283 patients (204 retrospectively and 79 prospectively), of who 152 (53.7%) experienced DPM. Delayed passage of meconium was not associated with antenatal MgSO4 administration, the cumulative maternal MgSO4 dose or neonatal serum magnesium levels. Older gestational age (OR, 0.8; confidence interval [CI], 0.69-0.93; P = 0.003) was an independent protective factor against DPM, while the need for advanced resuscitation (OR, 2.24; CI 1.04-4.86; P = 0.04) was a risk factor for DPM. CONCLUSION: The neonatal serum levels of magnesium reached with the doses of MgSO4 administered to mothers were not associated with DPM. Lower gestational age and the need for advanced resuscitation were predictors associated with an increased risk of DPM.

Ensayo clínico: efecto del sulfato de magnesio sobre los niveles séricos de lactato en el seno coronario / Clinical trial: effect of magnesium sulfate on serum levels of lactate in the coronary sinus

Resumen: Introducción: Se han propuesto varios métodos para controlar la inflamación y preservar el miocardio durante la circulación extracorpórea (CEC), entre ellos podemos mencionar la administración de electrolitos, tales como el magnesio (Mg2+). Objetivo: Comparar el efecto del uso de sulfato de magnesio (MgSO4) prepinzamiento aórtico (pre-PAo) vs placebo sobre los niveles séricos de lactato en el seno coronario en pacientes sometidos a revascularización miocárdica (RVM) multivaso con CEC. Material y métodos: Se realizó un ensayo clínico controlado en 52 pacientes sometidos a RVM multivaso con CEC, aleatorizados para recibir placebo (grupo I) o MgSO4 (grupo II) pre-PAo, y se tomaron muestras sanguíneas del seno coronario en dos tiempos diferentes: T0: pre-PAo y T1: previo al cierre de tórax, cuantificándose el lactato sérico. Para su análisis, se utilizó t de Student y χ2. Una p < 0.05 fue significativa. La información se procesó en SPSS v-22.0. Resultados: Los niveles séricos de lactato en el seno coronario postpinzamiento aórtico (pos-PAo) fueron menores en el grupo II (2.967 ± 0.86 vs 2.154 ± 1.14) mostrando diferencias significativas (p = 0.006). Conclusión: El uso de MgSO4 pre-PAo disminuye los niveles séricos de lactato en el seno coronario en pacientes sometidos a RVM multivaso con CEC.

Abstract: Introduction: Several methods have been proposed to control inflammation and to preserve the myocardium during cardiopulmonary bypass (CABG), including the administration of electrolytes such as magnesium (Mg2+). Objective: To compare the effect of using magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) or a placebo before aortic clamping (AoC) on the serum levels of lactate in the coronary sinus in patients undergoing myocardial multivessel revascularization (MRV) with CABG. Material and methods: A clinical assay was conducted with 52 patients undergoing MRV multivessel with CEC; the patients were randomized to receive a placebo (group I) or MgSO4 (group II) before AoC, and blood samples were taken from the coronary sinus to quantify serum lactate at two different times: T0: pre-AoC and T1: before closing the chest. Statistical analysis was performed on Student's t-test and χ2. A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The data were processed with SPSS v-22.0. Results: Serum levels of lactate in the coronary sinus post-AoC were lower in group II (2.967 ± 0.86 vs 2.154 ± 1.14), with significant differences (p = 0.006). Conclusion: The use of MgSO4 before AoC reduces serum lactate levels in the coronary sinus in patients undergoing MRV multivessel with CABG.

Reporte de seis casos de eclampsia en un hospital rural de la selva de Chiapas / Six Cases of Reports of Eclampsia in a Rural Hospital from the Chiapas Jungle

Resumen La eclampsia es un síndrome relativamente raro e impredecible de la enfermedad hipertensiva inducida por el embarazo, caracterizado por un estado convulsivo tónico-clónico que puede o no cursar con hipertensión previa o daño orgánico. Complica aproximadamente 3 de cada 1,000 embarazos, con alta incidencia en pacientes de zonas rurales y bajo nivel socioeconómico, mujeres con preeclampsia, primigestas adolescentes y multíparas mayores de 35 años de edad. Presentamos el reporte de 6 casos de eclampsia que sucedieron en un hospital rural del estado de Chiapas, ubicado en el corazón de la Selva Lacandona. La mayoría fueron primigestas adolescentes en trabajo de parto, quienes rebasaban las 40 semanas de gestación. Todas fueron manejadas con medidas de soporte y neuroprotección con sulfato de magnesio, 5 de ellas fueron referidas a segundo nivel a la unidad de cuidados intensivos para recibir una atención integral, con un tiempo promedio de estancia de 2 días. Ninguna presentó un nuevo cuadro convulsivo. No se registraron resultados perinatales adversos ni muerte materna. El síndrome preeclampsia-eclampsia es un problema de alto impacto en el embarazo y un reto para los 3 niveles de atención, pero sobre todo para la atención en el medio rural y zonas indígenas de todo México, ya que, debido a costumbres arraigadas, las pacientes omiten el control prenatal, además de habitar en lugares con difícil acceso a hospitales o clínicas.

Abstract Eclampsia is a relatively rare and unpredictable syndrome of pregnancy-induced hypertensive disease, characterized by a tonic-clonic seizure state which may or may not present hypertension or end-organ damage. It complicates approximately 3 out of 1000 pregnancies, with a high incidence in patients of low socioeconomic status and rural areas, women with pre-eclampsia, primiparous teen or multiparous women over 35 years old. We present the report of 6 cases of eclampsia that occurred in a first level rural hospital of attention in the state of Chiapas, located in the heart of the Lacandon Jungle. Most of them occurred in primiparous teen patients during labor, which exceeded 40 weeks of gestation. All were promptly managed with support measures and magnesium sulfate neuroprotection, 5 of them referred to the second level of the intensive care unit for more comprehensive care, the average length of stay was 2 days. No one presented a new seizure. No adverse perinatal outcomes or maternal death were recorded. The pre-eclampsia-eclampsia syndrome is a problem with a high impact on pregnancy and a challenge for all three levels of care, but especially for care in rural areas and indigenous areas throughout Mexico, since, due to entrenched customs, patients omit prenatal control, in addition to living in places with difficult access to hospitals or clinics.

Ventajas del uso de citrato respecto al acetato como estabilizante en el líquido de hemodiálisis: estudio aleatorizado ABC-treat / Advantages of the use of citrate over acetate as a stabilizer in hemodialysis fluid: A randomized ABC-treat study

La hemodiálisis (HD) con líquido de diálisis (LD) con bicarbonato requiere la presencia de un ácido para prevenir la precipitación del carbonato de calcio y magnesio. El más usado es el ácido acético, y con él se han descrito diversas complicaciones. En un trabajo previo describimos los cambios agudos, durante una sesión, en los pacientes en HD con un LD con citrato en lugar de acetato, y en este referimos los resultados a medio plazo: 16 semanas.Es un estudio prospectivo, multicéntrico, cruzado y aleatorizado, donde 56 pacientes en HD con bicarbonato 3 veces a la semana se dializaron 16 semanas con 3mmol/l acetato y 16 semanas con 1mmol/l de citrato. Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 18 años con una estancia en HD previa superior a 3 meses y con fístula arteriovenosa normofuncionante. Se recogieron mensualmente datos epidemiológicos, de diálisis, bioimpedancia, bioquímica pre y postHD, así como los episodios de hipotensión.Después de 16 semanas de tratamiento con citrato el calcio iónico y el magnesio preHD eran significativamente inferiores y la hormona paratiroidea (PTH) más alta que en el periodo con acetato. No se observaron diferencias en la eficacia de la diálisis. Los episodios de hipotensión fueron significativamente más frecuentes con acetato que con citrato: 311 (14,1%) vs. 238 (10,8%) sesiones. El índice de masa magra se incrementó en 0,96±2,33kg/m2 cuando los pacientes pasaron de LD con acetato a citrato.La HD con citrato modifica varios parámetros del metabolismo óseo-mineral, no solo de forma aguda como se había descrito, sino también a medio plazo. La sustitución del acetato por el citrato mejora la estabilidad hemodinámica, produciendo menos hipotensiones y puede mejorar el estado nutricional. (AU)

Hemodialysis (HD) with bicarbonate dialysis fluid (DF) requires the presence of an acid to prevent the precipitation of calcium and magnesium carbonate. The most used acid is acetic acid, with it several complications have been described. In a previous work, we described the acute changes during an HD session with a DF with citrate instead of acetate. Now, we report the results in the medium term, 16 weeks. It is a prospective, multicenter, crossover and randomized study, where 56 HD patients with bicarbonate three times a week were dialysed for 16 weeks with 3mmol/L acetate and 16 weeks with 1mmol/L citrate. Patients older than 18 years with a previous stay on HD of more than 3 months and with a normal functioning arteriovenous fistula were included. Epidemiological data, dialysis, bioimpedance, biochemistry before and after HD, as well as hypotensive episodes, were collected monthly. After 16 weeks of citrate treatment, pre-HD ionic calcium and magnesium were significantly lower and paratiroid hormone (PTH) higher than in the acetate period. No differences were observed in the effectiveness of dialysis. Hypotensive episodes were significantly more frequent with acetate than with citrate: 311 (14.1%) vs 238 (10.8%) sessions. The lean mass index increased by 0.96±2.33kg/m2 when patients switched from DF with acetate to citrate.HD with citrate modifies several parameters of bone mineral metabolism, not only acutely as previously described, but also in the long-term. The substitution of acetate for citrate improves hemodynamic stability, producing less hypotension and can improve nutritional status. (AU)

Effects of 4% icodextrine, magnesium sulfate, and 0.9% sodium chloride on postoperative intraabdominal adhesions.

OBJECTIVE: Postoperative intraabdominal adhesions are obvious cause of postoperative morbidity. In this experimental study, our aim is to compare the effects of 4% icodextrin produced for adhesion prevention, magnesium sulfate used as an anticonvulsant in obstetrics and also as a thickening lubricant in the detergent industry, and saline, which we use most frequently in abdominal irrigation, on adhesion formation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 4 groups were formed, 8 in the control group (K), 8 in the icodextrin group (I), 8 in the magnesium sulfate group (M), and 8 in the saline group (SF). Adhesions were quantitatively evaluated with the classification defined by Nair and microscopic grading defined by Zuhlke. RESULTS: The macroscopic staging degree was statistically significantly lower in Group M, I, and SF compared to Group K. Again, the degree of microscopic staging was significantly lower in Group M and I compared to Group K. CONCLUSIONS: Three different materials were used in our study. It was observed that they significantly reduced adhesions. This study once again demonstrates the limited ability of these materials to prevent adhesion, despite the wide variety of materials used, and the need for careful adherence to tissue-respectful surgical techniques.

OBJETIVO: As aderências intra-abdominais pós-operatórias (PIA) são causa óbvia de morbidade pós-operatória. Neste estudo experimental, nosso objetivo é comparar os efeitos da icodextrina 4% produzida para prevenção de aderências, sulfato de magnésio usado como anticonvulsivante em obstetrícia e também como lubrificante espessante na indústria de detergentes e soro fisiológico, que usamos mais frequentemente em abdominais irrigação, na formação de aderências. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram formados 4 grupos, 8 no grupo controle (K), 8 no grupo da icodextrina (I), 8 no grupo sulfato de magnésio (M) e 8 no grupo solução salina (SF). As aderências foram avaliadas quantitativamente com a classificação definida por Nair e graduação microscópica definida por Zuhlke. RESULTADOS: O grau de estadiamento macroscópico foi estatisticamente significativamente menor no Grupo M, I e SF em comparação com o Grupo K. Novamente, o grau de estadiamento microscópico foi significativamente menor nos Grupos M e I em comparação com o Grupo K. CONCLUSÕES: Três materiais diferentes foram usados em nosso estudo. Foi observado que eles reduziram significativamente as aderências. Este estudo demonstra mais uma vez a capacidade limitada desses materiais em prevenir a adesão, apesar da grande variedade de materiais usados, e a necessidade de uma adesão cuidadosa a técnicas cirúrgicas que respeitem o tecido.

A case of aluminum phosphide poisoning managed successfully in Nepal: a case report / Un caso de intoxicación por fosfuro de aluminio manejado con éxito en Nepal: informe de un caso

Aluminum phosphide (ALP) is a highly toxic compound most commonly available as Celphos in Nepal. Suicidal ingestion is common in developing countries like Nepal as it is easily available and has a high mortality rate. Farmers to protect crops from rodents and pests use it. Here we present a case of a 24-year-old female with suicidal ingestion of one and a half-tablet of ALP presented with abdominal pain and vomiting. The patient developed metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia, acute respiratory distress, and hypotension during the Intensive Care Unit stay. Supportive treatment with gastric lavage (coconut oil), intravenous magnesium sulfate, sodium-bicarbonate infusion, adequate vasopressor and close monitoring of hemodynamic parameters helped in the survival of the patient (AU)

El fosfuro de aluminio (ALP) es un compuesto altamente tóxico más comúnmente disponible como Celphos en Nepal. La ingestión suicida es común en países en desarrollo como Nepal, ya que está fácilmente disponible, teniendo una alta tasa de mortalidad. Los agricultores lo utilizan para proteger los cultivos de roedores y plagas. Aquí presentamos el caso de una mujer de 24 años con ingesta suicida de una tableta y media de ALP que presentó dolor abdominal y vómitos. La paciente desarrolló acidosis metabólica, hiperpotasemia, dificultad respiratoria aguda e hipotensión durante su estancia en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. El tratamiento de soporte con lavado gástrico (aceite de coco), sulfato de magnesio intravenoso, infusión de bicarbonato de sodio, vasopresor adecuado y monitoreo estrecho de los parámetros hemodinámicos ayudaron a la supervivencia del paciente (AU)

Analgesic effect of pregabalin and magnesium sulfate after mastectomy with axillary lymphadenectomy / Efeito analgésico da pregabalina e do sulfato de magnésio no pósoperatório de mastectomia com linfadenectomia axilar

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Mastectomy with lymphadenectomy is a surgery associated with moderate to severe pain in the immediate postoperatory. Several safe adjuvant drugs that provide good analgesia with few adverse effects have been researched. Pregabalin and magnesium sulfate are drugs that promote analgesia with few adverse effects. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the analgesic effect of pregabalin and magnesium sulfate in the postoperatory of mastectomy with axillary lymphadenectomy. METHODS: Double-blinded, randomized study involving 80 patients submitted to mastectomy with axillary lymphadenectomy under general anesthesia. The patients were distributed into 4 groups: Control (CG, did not receive the proposed adjuvant drug); Magnesium+Placebo (MG, received magnesium sulfate during anesthesia); Pregabalin+Magnesium (P+MG, received magnesium added to pregabalin 150 mg before and 12 h after surgery); and Pregabalin+Placebo (PG, received pregabalin). All patients completed the Self-Report Questionnaire 20 (SRQ-20) to screen for possible mental disorders and had their physical status monitored at 1 h, 12 h, and 24 h after surgery, through anamnesis, pain questionnaire, opioid consumption, and presence of complications and/or adverse events such as nausea, vomiting, and sleepiness. Randomization was performed using sealed opaque envelopes without the knowledge of the anesthesiologist (researcher) and the patient. RESULTS: For each group, twenty patients were randomized, which were analyzed at the end of the study. The number of patients presenting absent/mild pain in P+MG was significantly higher than in CG, MG and PG after one hour. After 12 hours, P+MG and PG had more patients with absent/mild pain than CG and MG. At 24 hours postoperatively, all patients in all evaluated groups had no moderate/severe pain. There was no diference in the frequency of patients presenting nausea or vomiting, nor in the scores of the sleep evaluation after surgery in the four groups. CONCLUSION: The combination of magnesium sulfate and pregabalin provided satisfactory analgesia in the first hour after mastectomy with axillary lymphadenectomy. Nevertheless, magnesium sulfate isolated presented no analgesic beneft for the patients, and pregabalin isolated was only slightly effective at the first hour after surgery.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Mastectomia com linfadenectomia é uma cirurgia que causa dor moderada ou intensa no pós-operatório imediato. Muitos fármacos adjuvantes, seguros, que promovem boa analgesia e com poucos efeitos adversos têm sido pesquisados. A pregabalina e o sulfato de magnésio são fármacos que promovem analgesia com poucos efeitos adversos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito analgésico da pregabalina e do sulfato de magnésio no pós-operatório de mastectomia com linfadenectomia axilar. MÉTODOS: Estudo randomizado e duplo-cego envolvendo 80 pacientes submetidas à mastectomia com linfadenectomia axilar sob anestesia geral. As pacientes foram divididas em quatro grupos: Controle (GC, não receberam o fármaco adjuvante proposto); Magnésio+Placebo (GM, receberam sulfato de magnésio durante a anestesia); Pregabalina+Magnésio (GP+M, receberam magnésio adicionado a pregabalina 150 mg antes e 12 h após a cirurgia); e Pregabalina+Placebo (GP, receberam a pregabalina). Todas as pacientes responderam o Self-Report Questionnaire 20 (SRQ-20) para rastrear possível transtorno mental e foram seguidas, monitorando o estado físico 1h, 12h e 24h após a cirurgia, através de anamnese, questionário de dor, consumo de opioides e presença de complicações e/ou eventos adversos como náusea, vômito e sonolência. A randomização foi realizada por meio de envelopes opacos e selados sem o conhecimento do anestesiologista (pesquisador) e do paciente. RESULTADOS: Foram randomizadas 20 pacientes para cada grupo, as quais foram analisadas ao fim do estudo. O número de pacientes apresentando dor ausente/leve no GP+M foi significantemente maior que nos GC, GM e GP após uma hora. Após 12 horas, GP+M e GP apresentaram maior número de pacientes com dor ausente/leve que GC e GM. Em 24 horas do pós-operatório, todos os pacientes de todos os grupos avaliados não apresentaram dor moderada/severa. Não houve diferença na frequência de pacientes apresentando náusea ou vômito, nem nos escores da avaliação do sono após a cirurgia nos quatro grupos. CONCLUSÃO: A associação de sulfato de magnésio e pregabalina causa boa analgesia de mastectomia com linfadenectomia axilar na primeira hora do pós-operatório. No entanto, o uso isolado do sulfato de magnésio não trouxe benefício para analgesia nestas pacientes, assim como a pregabalina sozinha se mostrou pouco efetiva na primeira hora de avaliação.

Gitelman syndrome, a rare cause of refractory hypokalemia. A case report / Símdrome de Gitelman, causa rara de hipopotasemia refractaria. Reporte de caso

Abstract Introduction: Gitelman syndrome is a rare hereditary primary renal tubular disorder, with a prevalence of approximately 1 to 10 cases per 40 000 people. It does not have specific symptoms, so its diagnosis depends on high clinical suspicion by the treating physical and a sequential approach to hypokalemia, especially in young patients. Thus, a diagnostic algorithm is proposed at the end of this report. Case presentation: A 23-year-old woman with a history of hospitalization due to hypokalemia presented to the emergency service with intermittent cramping in her lower limbs, which was exacerbated by gastrointestinal symptoms. Laboratory tests reported the following findings: metabolic alkalosis, elevated levels of potassium, magnesium, chloride and sodium in urine, and reduced levels of calcium in urine. Thus, potassium supplementation and eplerenone administration were started, obtaining the complete resolution of symptoms. At her last follow-up appointment, the patient was asymptomatic, and her serum electrolyte levels were normal. In addition, during her hospital stay and due to the high suspicion of Gitelman syndrome, a genetic study was performed, which reported a mutation of the SCL12A3 gene, confirming the diagnosis. Conclusion: The sequential approach to a patient with recurrent hypokalemia is very important to reach an accurate diagnosis among a wide range of differential diagnoses.

Resumen Introducción. El síndrome de Gitelman es un trastorno tubular renal primario hereditario poco frecuente, con una prevalencia aproximada de 1 a 10 casos por cada 40 000 personas; su sintomatologia es inespecífica, por lo que su diagnóstico depende de la alta sospecha clínica por parte del médico tratante y de un abordaje secuencial de la hipopotasemia, sobre todo en pacientes jóvenes, para lo cual se propone un algoritmo diagnóstico al final de este reporte. Presentación de caso. Mujer de 23 años con antecedente de hospitalización por hipopotasemia, quien consultó por calambres musculares intermitentes en miembros inferiores, los cuales se agudizaron debido a síntomas gastrointestinales. En los exámenes de laboratorio se reportaron los siguientes hallazgos: alcalosis metabólica, niveles elevados de potasio, magnesio, cloro y sodio en orina, y niveles reducidos de calcio en orina, por lo que se inició suplementación de potasio y manejo con eplerenona, obteniéndose resolución completa de los síntomas. En su último control, la paciente se encontraba asintomática y sus niveles séricos de electrolitos eran normales. Además, durante la hospitalización, y debido a la alta sospecha de síndrome de Gitelman, se solicitó estudio genético que reportó mutación del gen SCL12A3, confirmándose el diagnóstico. Conclusión. El abordaje secuencial de un paciente con hipopotasemia recurrente es de gran importancia para realizar un diagnóstico certero ante una amplia gama de diagnósticos diferenciales.

Prenatal therapy with magnesium sulphate and intestinal obstruction due to meconium in preterm newborns.

INTRODUCTION: Magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) therapy has shown to be useful as a neurological protector in the preterm newborn below 32 weeks of gestation. The most documented adverse effect is cardiorespiratory failure, whereas its relationship with meconium obstruction is controversial. The main objective of this study was to analyse the possible association between prenatal MgSO4 therapy and meconium obstruction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: An analytical retrospective study was conducted on <32 weeks preterm babies admitted to a tertiary-level hospital (January 2016-December 2017). Epidemiological, prenatal and postnatal data on the outcomes were obtained, analysed and compared in both groups (exposed to MgSO4 and not exposed). RESULTS: The study included 201 patients (146 exposed and 55 non-exposed). There were no significant differences in the mean gestational age (28.4 ±â€¯2.2 vs. 28.7 ±â€¯2.8 weeks, respectively), or in the rest of epidemiological and perinatal variables. Prenatal corticosteroid therapy was more frequent in the MgSO4 group (75.9 vs. 53.7%; p = .002), and in the non-exposed group there were more multiple pregnancies (52.7 vs. 36.6%; p = .027), and female gender (56.4 vs. 37%; p = .013). There were no statistically significant differences in the presence of meconium obstruction (75.9% in exposed vs. 67.3% in non-exposed; p = .23), although repeated rectal stimulation was more frequent in the exposed group (43.2 vs. 27.9%; p = .08). Furthermore, there were no significant differences in the main cardiorespiratory variables: 1-min Apgar score (6.2 in MgSO4- exposed vs. 5.6 in non-exposed; p = .75), 5-min Apgar score (7.9 vs. 7.6; p = .31), advanced newborn resuscitation (26 vs. 31.5%; p = .44), maximum FiO2 (45.5 vs. 48; p = .58), and initial inotropic requirements (10.3 vs. 20.8%; p = .55). CONCLUSIONS: This study found no correlations between MgSO4 therapy and meconium obstruction or cardiorespiratory failure.

Terapia prenatal con sulfato de magnesio y obstrucción intestinal por meconio en recién nacidos pretérmino / Prenatal therapy with magnesium sulphate and intestinal obstruction due to meconium in preterm newborns

Introducción: El sulfato de magnesio (SMg) ha demostrado eficacia como neuroprotector en pretérminos < 32 semanas. Su efecto adverso más documentado es la depresión cardiorrespiratoria, siendo dudosa su relación con la obstrucción meconial. El objetivo principal del estudio es analizar la posible asociación entre el SMg antenatal y la obstrucción meconial. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo analítico, de neonatos < 32 semanas de edad gestacional ingresados en un hospital terciario (enero del 2016 a diciembre del 2017). Se recogieron datos epidemiológicos, perinatales y de evolución posnatal, comparando expuestos y no expuestos a SMg. Resultados: Se incluyeron 201 pacientes (146 recibieron SMg y 55 no). No existieron diferencias en la edad gestacional media (28,4 ± 2,2 vs. 28,7 ± 2,8 semanas, respectivamente), ni en el resto de variables epidemiológicas y perinatales, salvo en expuestos, la administración más frecuente de corticoides antenatales (75,9 vs. 53,7%; p = 0,002), y en no expuestos el parto múltiple (52,7 vs. 36,6%; p = 0,027), y el sexo femenino (56,4 vs. 37%; p = 0,013). No hubo diferencias significativas en la obstrucción meconial (75,9% expuestos vs. 67,3% no expuestos; p = 0,23), aunque la estimulación rectal repetida fue más frecuente en el grupo tratado (43,2 vs. 27,9%; (p = 0,08). Tampoco hubo diferencias en las principales variables de depresión cardiorrespiratoria: Apgar al primer minuto 6,2 vs. 5,6 en expuestos y no expuestos, respectivamente (p = 0,75) y a los cinco minutos 7,9 vs. 7,6 (p = 0,31), reanimación avanzada 26 vs. 31,5% (p = 0,44), FiO2 máxima 45,5 vs. 48 (p = 0,58) y necesidad inicial de inotrópicos 10,3 vs. 20,8% (p = 0,55). Conclusiones: El presente estudio no halló asociación entre la administración de SMg y la obstrucción meconial o la depresión cardiorrespiratoria. (AU)

Introduction: Magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) therapy has shown to be useful as a neurological protector in the preterm newborn below 32 weeks of gestation. The most documented adverse effect is cardiorespiratory failure, whereas its relationship with meconium obstruction is controversial. The main objective of this study was to analyse the possible association between prenatal MgSO4 therapy and meconium obstruction. Patients and methods: An analytical retrospective study was conducted on < 32 weeks preterm babies admitted to a tertiary-level hospital (January 2016-December 2017). Epidemiological, prenatal and postnatal data on the outcomes were obtained, analysed and compared in both groups (exposed to MgSO4 and not exposed). Results: The study included 201 patients (146 exposed and 55 non-exposed). There were no significant differences in the mean gestational age (28.4 ± 2.2 vs. 28.7 ± 2.8 weeks, respectively), or in the rest of epidemiological and perinatal variables. Prenatal corticosteroid therapy was more frequent in the MgSO4 group (75.9 vs. 53.7%; p = .002), and in the non-exposed group there were more multiple pregnancies (52.7 vs. 36.6%; p = .027), and female gender (56.4 vs. 37%; p = .013). There were no statistically significant differences in the presence of meconium obstruction (75.9% in exposed vs. 67.3% in non-exposed; p = .23), although repeated rectal stimulation was more frequent in the exposed group (43.2 vs. 27.9%; p = .08). Furthermore, there were no significant differences in the main cardiorespiratory variables: 1-minute Apgar score (6.2 in MgSO4- exposed vs. 5.6 in non-exposed; p = .75), 5-minutes Apgar score (7.9 vs. 7.6; p = .31), advanced newborn resuscitation (26 vs. 31.5%; p = .44), maximum FiO2 (45.5 vs. 48; p = .58), and initial inotropic requirements (10.3 vs. 20.8%; p = .55). Conclusions: This study found no correlations between MgSO4 therapy and meconium obstruction or cardiorespiratory failure. (AU)

Comparative study between manitol and sodium picosulfate with magnesium oxide solutions in the preparation for colonoscopy / Estudo comparativo entre as soluções de manitol e picossulfato de sódio com óxido de magnésio no preparo de cólon para colonoscopia

ABSTRACT This prospective, randomized and double-blind study aims to compare two different protocols used for bowel preparation in patients scheduled for colonoscopy. The protocols were composed by solutions of Mannitol or sodium picosulfate combined with magnesium oxide. Patients from the proctology outpatient clinic of the General Surgery Unit of the Regional Hospital of Asa Norte (HRAN) comprised the sample of this study. Both the patients and the colonoscopist had no prior knowledge of the substance used to prepare bowel, which was randomly distributed among the participants. Both protocols demonstrated good and similar results regarding the efficiency of colon preparation, although the review of literature shows a difference in favor of preparation made with Mannitol solution regarding the colon neatness during the exam. In line with the literature, patients who used Mannitol solution had more side effects, highlighting the significant difference found for vomiting and sleep impairment. The preparation with Sodium Picosulfate with Magnesium Oxide was significantly superior in relation to the ease of ingestion perceived by the patients.

RESUMO Estudo prospectivo, randomizado e duplo-cego com o objetivo de comparar dois protocolos diferentes utilizados para o preparo de cólon em pacientes que realizaram colonoscopia: solução de Manitol; e solução de Picossulfato de Sódio combinado com Óxido de Magnésio. Para avaliar qual protocolo proporciona melhores resultados, 90 pacientes do ambulatório de proctologia da Unidade de Cirurgia Geral do Hospital Regional da Asa Norte (HRAN) compuseram a amostra deste estudo. Tanto os pacientes quanto o colonoscopista não tiveram prévio conhecimento da substância utilizada para o preparo do cólon, a qual foi distribuída randomicamente entre os participantes. Os dois protocolos demonstraram bons e semelhantes resultados acerca da eficiência do preparo do cólon, embora a literatura estudada tenha demonstrado diferença significativa em favor do preparo feito com solução de Manitol em relação a limpeza do cólon durante o exame. Em consonância com a literatura, os pacientes que utilizaram solução de Manitol apresentaram mais efeitos colaterais, destacando-se a diferença significativa encontrada para vômito e distúrbios do sono. O preparo com Picossulfato de Sódio com Óxido de Magnésio foi relevantemente superior em relação à facilidade de ingestão percebida pelos pacientes.

Sulfato de magnesio como ahorrador de opioides en cirugía mayor abdominal / Magnesium sulfate as an opioid sparer in major abdominal surgery

Introducción: El efecto del sulfato de magnesio como adyuvante de la analgesia en la práctica de diferentes intervenciones quirúrgicas es un tema en debate y estudio constante con el fin de probar su eficacia y seguridad en la mejora de la evolución posoperatoria de los pacientes. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad y seguridad del sulfato de magnesio como ahorrador de opioides en la anestesia general de pacientes intervenidos por cirugía mayor abdominal. Métodos: Estudio cuasiexperimental, prospectivo, longitudinal realizado en 44 pacientes del Hospital Universitario "General Calixto García", desde diciembre de 2019 hasta diciembre de 2020. Se crearon dos grupos, un grupo estudio (sulfato de magnesio) y otro control. Se evaluó la analgesia intraoperatoria y posoperatoria, el consumo intraoperatorio de fentanil, la necesidad de analgesia de rescate y las complicaciones perioperatorias. Resultados: En los pacientes que se les administró el sulfato de magnesio la tensión arterial media, la frecuencia cardiaca y el índice de shock tuvieron una tendencia a mantenerse por debajo de la media global. El índice de perfusión aumentó y se mantuvo con esa tendencia y tuvieron un menor consumo de fentanil. Conclusiones: La administración de sulfato de magnesio como adyuvante de la anestesia general en pacientes intervenidos por cirugía abdominal mayor electiva, resultó efectiva y segura, pues brindó mayor analgesia perioperatoria, estabilidad hemodinámica, menor consumo de opioides intraoperatorio y menor rescate analgésico posoperatorio que cuando no se usó. La incidencia de complicaciones fue baja y sin repercusión clínica(AU)

Introduction: The effect of magnesium sulfate as an adjunct to analgesia during different surgical interventions is a subject under constant debate and study, with respect to showing its efficacy and safety in improving the postoperative evolution of patients. Objective: To assess the effectiveness and safety of magnesium sulfate as an opioid sparer in general anesthesia with patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Methods: Quasiexperimental, prospective and longitudinal study carried out, from December 2019 to December 2020, with 44 patients from General Calixto García University Hospital. Two groups were created: a study group (magnesium sulfate) and a control group. Intraoperative and postoperative analgesia, intraoperative fentanyl consumption, requirement of salvage analgesia, as well as perioperative complications were evaluated. Results: In the patients who were administered magnesium sulfate, mean arterial pressure, heart rate and shock index tended to remain below the global mean. The perfusion index increased and maintained this trend, while they had a lower consumption of fentanyl. Conclusions: The administration of magnesium sulfate as an adjunct to general anesthesia in patients undergoing major elective abdominal surgery was effective and safe, as it provided greater perioperative analgesia, hemodynamic stability, less intraoperative opioid consumption and less postoperative analgesic rescue than in the control group. The incidence of complications was low and without clinical repercussions(AU)

Magnesio e indicadores bioquímicos óseo-minerales según tasa de filtración glomerular en estudiantes sin enfermedad renal / Magnesium and osseous-mineral biochemical indicators according to glomerular filtration rate testing in students without kidney disease

Introducción: La variación del magnesio y de indicadores bioquímicos del metabolismo óseo-mineral según la tasa de filtración glomerular en jóvenes sin enfermedad renal es poco conocida por lo que es necesario considerarla para delimitar lo no atribuible a enfermedad renal crónica. El papel que desempeña el magnesio está en estudio. En la enfermedad renal crónica hay una alteración progresiva del metabolismo óseo-mineral que comienza tempranamente. Objetivos: Evaluar valores séricos de magnesio, calcio, fósforo, fosfatasa alcalina y parathormona, excreciones urinarias de 24 h y excreción fraccional de estos electrolitos según categoría G de tasa de filtración glomerular estimada por clearance de creatinina: G1 (normal a alta) y G2 (levemente disminuida) en estudiantes sin enfermedad renal crónica. Material y métodos: Estudio analítico y corte transversal con una muestra de 55 estudiantes voluntarios sin enfermedad renal en el periodo 2018 a 2019. Los analitos se determinaron en suero y algunos en orina de 24 h. Resultados: Solamente magnesio sérico y excreción fraccional de magnesio excreción fraccional de magnesio mostraron diferencias significativas según la categoría G (p < 0,05). Los valores de magnesio sérico magnesio sérico estuvieron dentro de los valores de referencia para el método. En G2, magnesio sérico, descendido respecto a G1 y excreción fraccional de magnesio aumentada, inversamente relacionados. El magnesio sérico disminuyó en promedio 0,26 mg/dL por unidad de aumento de excreción fraccional de magnesio (p = 0,0502). Conclusiones: Se observaron diferencias en magnesio sérico y excreción fraccional de magnesio al comparar los resultados en G1 y G2. Los demás indicadores bioquímicos estudiados no mostraron diferencias por categoría G. Diseños de corte longitudinal en muestras mayores pueden confirmar o no estos hallazgos. Tales estudios pueden aportar a la comprensión de cambios bioquímicos del metabolismo óseo-mineral en etapas iniciales de disminución de la tasa de filtración glomerular(AU)

Introduction: Not much is known about the variation in magnesium and biochemical indicators of the osseous-mineral metabolism according to glomerular filtration rate testing in young people without kidney disease. This variation should therefore be considered to delimit whatever is not attributable to chronic kidney disease. The role played by magnesium is currently under study. In chronic kidney disease a progressive alteration of the osseous-mineral metabolism starts early. Objectives: Evaluate serum values of magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase and parathormone, 24-hour urinary excretion and fractional excretion of these electrolytes according to category G of the glomerular filtration rate estimated by creatinine clearance: G1 (normal to high) and G2 (slightly reduced) in students without chronic kidney disease. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted of a sample of 55 student volunteers without kidney disease in the period 2018-2019. The analytes were determined in serum and some in 24-hour urine. Results: Only serum magnesium and magnesium fractional excretion displayed significant differences according to category G (p < 0.05). Serum magnesium values were within the reference values for the method. In G2, serum magnesium was lower than in G1, whereas magnesium fractional excretion was higher, i.e. an inverse relation is observed. Serum magnesium reduction averaged 0.26 mg/dl per unit of magnesium fractional excretion increase (p = 0.0502). Conclusions: Comparison of G1 and G2 results revealed differences in serum magnesium and magnesium fractional excretion. The remaining biochemical indicators studied did not show any differences in category G. Longitudinal studies with larger samples may or may not confirm these findings, thus contributing to a better understanding of the biochemical changes in osseous-mineral metabolism occurring in the initial stages of glomerular filtration rate reduction(AU)